Semigroups of transformations and endomorphisms have emerged as powerful algebraic frameworks to elucidate the underlying structures of graphs. By harnessing the principles of semigroup theory, ...

Cosine and sine of an angle θ are defined to be the x and y-coordinates of the point P on the unit circle with the property that the line from O to P makes and angle θ with the positve x-axis. cos(θ) ...