Interferometers, devices that can modulate aspects of light, play the important role of modulating and switching light signals in fiber-optic communications networks and are frequently used for gas ...

This research presents a highly accurate and easy-to-implement method to characterize the complex Bloch modes propagating along optical chain waveguides with three-dimensional (3D) layered geometries ...

Waveguides, channels guiding electromagnetic waves, have long been a cornerstone of technology due to their diverse applications in telecommunications, sensing, and advanced laser systems 1,2,3,4,5.