Narrow-band VLF transmitter waves originate from the powerful ground-based VLF transmitters for submarine communications, which are typically over the frequency range of 10–30 kHz. VLF transmitter ...
Panel (a) shows the trajectory of MSS1-A crossing the SAA on a geographic map, the color indicates the integral flux of 40-750 keV electrons, accompanied by L-shell contour lines. The star marks the ...