The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

Bosons are particles that carry energy and forces throughout the universe. The standard model of particle physics — the most robust theory we have of the sub-atomic world — divides every particle in ...

Physicists are on the hunt for dark forces. These forces are not as ominous as they sound: “dark” simply refers to the fact that no one has observed them before. In this case, they would act between ...

From the outside, the high-speed collisions of atomic nuclei inside particle accelerators like CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may seem like they have very little in common with more mundane ...

Every form of matter that we know of in the Universe is made up of the same few fundamental particles: the quarks, leptons and bosons of the Standard Model. Quarks and leptons bind together to form ...

Half a century ago, six physicists proposed the idea of a new subatomic particle whose existence would help explain the masses of elementary particles. Ever since then, the hunt has been on to find it ...

The four fundamental forces act upon us every day, whether we realize it or not. From playing basketball, to launching a rocket into space, to sticking a magnet on your refrigerator - all the forces ...

Light dark photons? Dark Higgs bosons? Scientists look for signs of these weird-sounding particles in data from BaBar—an experiment designed to explain a completely different mystery. The world of ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. The Universe is out there, waiting for you to discover it. How many states of matter are there? When you were young, you probably ...

Discover the fascinating world of particle physics — the most fundamental building blocks of the universe and the forces that connect them. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an ...