There are around 1,500 known active volcanoes worldwide. A volcano is considered active if it has erupted in the last 10,000 years. Around 40 to 60 volcanoes erupt every year.

When massive volcanic eruptions occur, they inject millions of tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it forms sulfate aerosols that scatter incoming solar radiation and result in global ...

Forecasting volcanic eruptions in time to alert authorities and populations remains a major global challenge. In a study ...