A long time ago a formula was devised for calculating kinetic energy, the energy needed to move a body from one place to another. This energy (E) was dependent on both the mass (M) of the body and the ...

Kinetic theory provides a vital framework for bridging the microscopic motion of individual particles and the macroscopic properties observed in gases and fluids. Central to this field is the ...

Finally, to illustrate the power of the method we show the case of molecules I2 and M2, where it is not possible to recover free energies using equilibrium-based methods (Supplementary Section S3).